Research

ACES Publications (from the CDC ACE Study Web site, where you can search this list by year or health outcomes.)

2011

  1. Chapman DP, Wheaton AG, Anda RF, Croft JB, Edwards VJ, Liu Y, Sturgis SL, Perry GS. Adverse childhood experiences and sleep disturbances in adults. Sleep med 2011;
    12: 773-79.
  2. Ford ES, Anda RF, Edwards VJ, Perry GS, Zhao G, Tsai J, Li C, Croft JB. Adverse childhood experiences and smoking status in five states. Prev Med 2011;53: 188-93.
  3. Larkin H, Felitti VJ, Anda RF.  Social work and Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE)   research: implications for practice and health policy.  Social Work in Public Health. 2011
  4. Edwards VJ, Freyd JJ, Dube SR, Anda RF, Felitti VJ.  Health outcomes by closeness of sexual abuse perpetrator: A test of Betrayal Trauma Theory. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma  2012; 21:133–148.

2010

  1. Anda R, Tietjen G, Schulman E, Felitti V, Croft J. Adverse childhood experiences and frequent headaches in adultsExternal Web Site Icon. Headache. 2010 Oct;50(9):1473–81.
  2. Anda RF, Butchart A, Felitti VJ, Brown DW. Building a framework for global surveillance of the public health implications of adverse childhood experiencesExternal Web Site Icon. AM J Prev Med. 2010 Jul;39(1):93–8.
  3. Brown DW, Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Edwards VJ, Malarcher AM, Croft JB, Giles WH. Adverse childhood experiences and the risk of lung cancerExternal Web Site Icon. BMC Public Health 2010;10:20.
  4. CDC. Adverse childhood experiences reported by adults—five states, 2009. MMWR 2010;59(49): 1609-1613.
  5. Hillis SD, Anda RF, Dube SR, Felitti VJ, Marchbanks PA, Macaluso M, Marks JS. (2010). The Protective Effect of Family Strengths in Childhood against Adolescent Pregnancy and Its Long-Term Psychosocial ConsequencesExternal Web Site Icon. Permanente Journal, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 18–27.

2009

  1. Anda RF, Dong M, Brown DW, Felitti VJ, Giles WH, Perry GS, Edwards VJ, Dube SR. The relationship of adverse childhood experiences to a history of premature death of family membersExternal Web Site Icon. BMC Public Health 2009;9:106.

  2. Dube SR, Fairweather D, Pearson WS, Felitti VJ, Anda RF, Croft JB. Cumulative childhood stress and autoimmune diseaseExternal Web Site Icon. Psychom Med 2009:71, 243–250.

2008

  1. Anda RF, Brown DW, Felitti VJ, Dube SR, Giles WH. Adverse childhood experiences and prescription drug use in a cohort study of adult HMO patientsExternal Web Site Icon. BMC Public Health 2008;8:198.

  2. Anda RF, Brown DW, Dube SR, Bremner JD, Felitti VJ, Giles WH. Adverse childhood experiences and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adultsExternal Web Site Icon. Am J Prev Med 2008;34(5):396–403.

  3. Corso, PS, Edwards, VJ, Fang, X, Mercy, JA. Health-related quality of life among adults who experienced maltreatment during childhoodExternal Web Site Icon. Am J Public Health 2008;98:1094–1100.

2007

  1. Anda RF, Brown DW. Root causes and organic budgeting: funding health from conception to the grave. Ped Health 2007;1(2):141–143.

  2. Anda RF, Brown DW, Felitti VJ, Bremner JD, Dube SR, Giles WH. Adverse childhood experiences and prescribed psychotropic medications in adultsExternal Web Site Icon. Am J Prev Med 2007;32(5):389–94.

  3. Edwards VJ, Anda RF, Gu D, Dube S R, Felitti VJ. Adverse childhood experiences and smoking persistence in adults with smoking-related symptoms and illnessExternal Web Site Icon. Permanente Journal2007;11:5–7.

  4. Brown DW, Anda RF, Felitti VJ. Self-reported information and pharmacy claims were comparable for lipid-lowering medication exposureExternal Web Site Icon. J Clin Epidemiol 2007;60(5):525–529.

  5. Chapman DP, Dube SR, Anda RF. Adverse childhood events as risk factors for negative mental health outcomes. Psychiatric Annals 2007;37(5):359–364.

  6. Edwards VJ, Dube SR, Felitti VJ, Anda RF. It’s OK to ask about past abuseExternal Web Site Icon. American Psychologist 2007;62(4):327–328.

2006

  1. Dube SR, Miller JW, Brown DW, Giles WH, Felitti VJ, Dong M, Anda RF. Adverse childhood experiences and the association with ever using alcohol and initiating alcohol use during adolescenceExternal Web Site Icon. Journal of Adolescent Health 2006;38(4):444.e1–444.e10.

  2. Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Brown DW, Chapman D, Dong M, Dube SR, Edwards VJ, Giles WH. (2006) Insights into intimate partner violence from the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. In:PR Salber and E Taliaferro, eds. The Physician’s Guide to Intimate Partner Violence and Abuse, Volcano, CA: Volcano Press; 2006.

  3. Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Walker J, Whitfield, CL, Bremner JD, Perry BD, Dube SR, Giles WH. The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood: a convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiologyExternal Web Site Icon. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 2006;56(3):174–86.

2005

  1. Dube SR, Anda RF, Whitfield, CL, Brown DW, Felitti VJ, Dong M, Giles WH. Long-term consequences of childhood sexual abuse by gender of victim.External Web Site Icon Am J Prev Med 2005;28:430–438.

  2. Dong M, Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Williamson DF, Dube SR, Brown DW, Giles WH. Childhood residential mobility and multiple health risks during adolescence and adulthood: the hidden role of adverse childhood experiencesExternal Web Site Icon. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 2005;159:1104–1110.

  3. Edwards VJ, Anda RF, Dube SR, Dong M, Chapman DF, Felitti VJ. The wide-ranging health consequences of adverse childhood experiences. In: K Kendall-Tackett and S Giacomoni, eds.Child Victimization: Maltreatment, Bullying, and Dating Violence Prevention and Intervention. Kingston, NJ: Civic Research Institute;2005.

  4. Whitfield CL, Dube SR, Felitti VJ, Anda RF. Adverse childhood experiences and hallucinationsExternal Web Site Icon.Child Abuse and Neglect 2005;29(7):797–810.

2004

  1. Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Fleisher VI, Edwards VJ, Whitfield CL, Dube SR, Williamson DF. Childhood abuse, household dysfunction and indicators of impaired worker performance in adulthood. The Permanente Journal 2004;8(1):30–38.
  2. Chapman DP, Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Dube SR, Edwards VJ, Whitfield CL. Adverse childhood experiences and the risk of depressive disorders in adulthoodExternal Web Site Icon. Journal of Affective Disorders2004;82:217–225.
  3. Dong M, Anda RF, Felitti, VJ, Dube SR, Williamson DF, Thompson TJ, Loo CM. Giles WH. The interrelatedness of multiple forms of childhood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunctionExternal Web Site Icon. Child Abuse and Neglect 2004;28(7):771–784.
  4. Dong M, Dube SR, Giles WH, Felitti VJ. Anda, RF. RE: Adverse childhood experiences and self-reported liver disease: new insights into the causal pathwayExternal Web Site Icon. Archives of Internal Medicine2004;164(4):460–461.
  5. Dong M, Giles WH, Felitti VJ, Dube, SR, Williams JE, Chapman DP, Anda RF. Insights into causal pathways for ischemic heart disease: Adverse Childhood Experiences StudyExternal Web Site Icon. Circulation2004;110:1761–1766.
  6. Dube SR, Williamson DF, Thompson T, Felitti VJ, Anda RF. (2004). Assessing the reliability of retrospective reports of adverse childhood experiences among adult HMO members attending a primary care clinicExternal Web Site Icon. Child Abuse and Neglect 2004;28(7):729–737.
  7. Hillis SD, Anda RF, Dube SR, Felitti VJ, Marchbanks PA, Marks JS. The association between adverse childhood experiences and adolescent pregnancy, long-term psychosocial outcomes, and fetal deathExternal Web Site Icon. Pediatrics 2004; 113(2):320–327.
  8. Ye D, Yao J, Dong M. Progress on the adverse childhood experience study. Chinese Journal of Disease Control and Prevention, 2004;8(6):483–485. (Article in Chinese).

2003

  1. Dong M, Anda RF, Dube SR, Felitti VJ, Giles WH. Adverse childhood experiences and self-reported liver disease: new insights into a causal pathwayExternal Web Site Icon. Archives of Internal Medicine2003;163:1949–1956.

  2. Dong M, Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Dube SR, Giles WH. The relationship of exposure to childhood sexual abuse to other forms of abuse, neglect and household dysfunction during childhoodExternal Web Site Icon. Child Abuse and Neglect 2003;27(6):625–639.

  3. Dube SR, Felitti VJ, Dong M, Chapman DP, Giles WH, Anda RF. Childhood abuse, neglect and household dysfunction and the risk of illicit drug use: the Adverse Childhood Experience StudyExternal Web Site Icon.Pediatrics 2003;111(3):564–572.

  4. Dube SR, Felitti VJ, Dong M, Giles WH, Anda RF. The impact of adverse childhood experiences on health problems: evidence from four birth cohorts dating back to 1900External Web Site Icon. Preventive Medicine2003;37(3):268–277.

  5. Edwards VJ, Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Dube SR. Adverse childhood experiences and health-related quality of life as an adult. In: K Kendall-Tackett, ed. Health Consequences of Abuse in the Family: A Clinical Guide for Evidence-Based Practice. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2003:81–94.
  6. Edwards VJ, Holden GW, Anda RF, Felitti VJ. Relationship between multiple forms of childhood maltreatment and adult mental health in community respondents: results from the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) StudyExternal Web Site Icon. American Journal of Psychiatry 2003;160(8):1453–60.
  7. Felitti VJ. Ursprünge des Suchtverhaltens — Evidenzen aus einer Studie zu belastenden KindheitserfahrungenExternal Web Site Icon . Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie 2003;52:547–559. (Article in German).
  8. Whitfield CL, Anda RF, Dube SR, Felitti VJ. Violent childhood experiences and the risk of intimate partner violence in adults: assessment in a large health maintenance organization. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 2003;18(2):166–185.

2002

  1. Anda RF, Chapman DP, Felitti VJ, Edwards V, Williamson DF, Croft JP, Giles WH. Adverse childhood experiences and risk of paternity in teen pregnancyExternal Web Site Icon. Obstetrics and Gynecology2002;100(1):37–45.
  2. Anda RF, Whitfield CL, Felitti VJ, Chapman D, Edwards VJ, Dube SR, Williamson DF. Adverse childhood experiences, alcoholic parents, and later risk of alcoholism and depressionExternal Web Site Icon. Psychiatric Services, 2002;53(8):1001–1009.
  3. Dube SR, Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Edwards VJ, Croft JB. (2002). Adverse Childhood Experiences and personal alcohol abuse as an adultExternal Web Site Icon. Addictive Behaviors 2002;27(5):713–725.
  4. Dube SR, Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Edwards VJ, Williamson DF. Exposure to abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction among adults who witnessed intimate partner violence as children: implications for health and social servicesExternal Web Site Icon. Violence and Victims 2002;17(1):3–17.
  5. Felitti VJ. The relationship between adverse childhood experiences and adult health: turning gold into lead. The Permanente Journal 2002;6:44–47.
  6. Felitti VJ. Belastungen in der Kindheit und Gesundheit im Erwachsenenalter: die Verwandlung von Gold in BleiExternal Web Site Icon. Z psychsom Med Psychother 2002;48(4):359–369. (Article in German).
  7. Williamson DF, Thompson TJ, Anda RF, Dietz WH, Felitti VJ. Body weight, obesity, and self-reported abuse in childhoodExternal Web Site Icon. International Journal of Obesity 2002;26:1075–1082.

2001

  1. Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Chapman DP, Croft JB, et al. Abused boys, battered mothers, and male involvement in teen pregnancyExternal Web Site Icon. Pediatrics 2001;107(2), e19.
  2. Dube SR, Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Chapman D, Williamson DF, Giles WH. Childhood abuse, household dysfunction and the risk of attempted suicide throughout the life span: Findings from Adverse Childhood Experiences StudyExternal Web Site Icon. JAMA 2001;286:3089–3096.
  3. Dube SR, Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Croft JB, Edwards VJ, Giles WH. Growing up with parental alcohol abuse: exposure to childhood abuse, neglect and household dysfunctionExternal Web Site Icon. Child Abuse and Neglect 2001;25(12):1627–1640.
  4. Edwards VJ, Anda RF, Nordenberg DF, Felitti VJ, Williamson DF, Howard N, Wright JA. Bias assessment for child abuse survey: factors affecting probability of response to a survey about child abuseExternal Web Site Icon. Child Abuse & Neglect. 2001;25:307–312.
  5. Edwards VJ, Fivush R, Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Nordenberg DF. Autobiographical memory disturbances in childhood abuse survivors. In:J.J. Freyd and A.P. DePrince (Eds.) Trauma and Cognitive Science: A meeting of minds, science, and human experience. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press; 2001.
  6. Hillis SD, Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Marchbanks PA. Adverse childhood experiences and sexual risk behaviors in women: a retrospective cohort studyExternal Web Site Icon. Family Planning Perspectives 2001;33:206–211.

2000

  1. Hillis SD, Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Nordenberg D, Marchbanks PA. Adverse childhood experiences and sexually transmitted diseases in men and women: a retrospective studyExternal Web Site Icon. Pediatrics2000;106(1):E11.

1999

  1. Anda RF, Croft JB, Felitti VJ, Nordenberg D, Giles WH, Williamson DF, Giovino GA. Adverse childhood experiences and smoking during adolescence and adulthoodExternal Web Site Icon. JAMA 1999;282:1652–1658.
  2. Dietz PM, Spitz AM, Anda RF, Williamson DF, McMahon PM, Santelli JS, Nordenberg DF, Felitti VJ, Kendrick JS. Unintended pregnancy among adult women exposed to abuse or household dysfunction during their childhoodExternal Web Site Icon. JAMA 1999;282:1359–1364.

1998

  1. Felitti VJ, Anda RF, Nordenberg D, Williamson DF, Spitz AM, Edwards V, Koss MP, Marks JS.Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) StudyExternal Web Site Icon. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 1998;14:245–258.
  2. Foege WH. Adverse childhood experiences: A public health perspectiveExternal Web Site Icon (editorial). Am J Prev Med 1998;14:354–355.
  3. Weiss JS, Wagner SH. What explains the negative consequences of adverse childhood experiences on adult health? Insights from cognitive and neuroscience research (editorial)External Web Site Icon. Am J Prev Med1998;14:356–360.
  4. Whitfield CL. Adverse Childhood experiences and trauma (editorial)External Web Site Icon. Am J Prev Med1998;14:361–363.

Neurobiology

Shonkoff, J.P., Boyce, W.T., and McEwen, B.S. Neuroscience, molecular biology, and the childhood roots of health disparities. JAMA 301:2252-2259 (2009).

Teicher MH, Samson JA, Polcari A, McGreenery CE, Sticks, stones, and hurtful words: relative effects of various forms of childhood maltreatment. Am J Psychiatry. 2006 Jun;163(6):993-1000.

 

42 comments

  3. […] References mentioned and resources used in the episode:– Video series on complex trauma by Time Fletcher– Running on Empty: Overcome Your Childhood Emotional Neglect by Jonice Webb,– How To Do The Work by Dr. Nicole LePera– Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) Study by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)– ACEs research and publications […]

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  13. I am a Behavioral Health Social Worker/Case Manager at a Federally Funded health facility, where I do ‘2 visit ADD/ADHD Behavioral Consultation Screens’ to assess the needs of our young patients & connect the with therapy and/or other necessary services to help them cope with their behaviors, utilize therapy to address their past trauma, and learn more appropriate communication/coping skills. My supervisor and a doctor I work with have asked me to try and locate an informational & educational video that explains the ACE’s process, what the scores mean, and how to prevent Adverse Childhood Experiences to help protect the child’s mental/emotional/physical health & well being. The DVD would need to be in simple terms so that the child could understand it. Please let me know if you happen to have any such video or if you could refer me to an agency that might be able to help me access such a DVD. Thank you for your anticipated assistance.
    Renee’ Heath BS

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  14. Hello: Is there any research studies or suggestions as to what clinical techniques/methods might be recommended with people with high ACE scores. Is it suggested that different techniques be used as the ACE score increases. Thanks

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    • Away of knowing how to work with the individual needs a framework. Dabrowski’s theory of multi level disintegration is a wonderful framework. those traumatized and offending are worked with using behavioral consequences, they are taught rules and roles and need to be monitored. we work with them to confuse their one view of the world. those who are overwhelmed with shame are taught that feeing is part of living. those who are sensitive and take on too much responsibility are taught to only take responsibility for own behavior. the theory explains how some individuals will be abused and go on to offending and another can be abused and will never hurt someone the way they were hurt…..many methods of processing pain can be used with the sensitive victim… BASK is a good process. working with Behavior, affect, sensation and knowledge is a holistic way to process trauma and PTSD start with knowledge of the grief process. with a level 2 victim under Dabrowski you are teaching self care and how to tolerate feeling…and that feeling is part of living.

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  15. Has any research been done about interventions on the primary care level directed specifically at the medical effects of high ACEs scores (ie diet changes to reduce inflammation, teaching meditation/relaxation, trauma-informed therapy groups, etc)? Looking for some evidence to propose creating an ACEs-focused group medical treatment model in our primary care clinic for patients with high ACEs and chronic illness / pain.

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    • More than 80% of the human brain is dedicated to moving the body; every neuron in the brain eventually traces a route that terminates at a muscle. What results in many ACEs having adverse long term consequences seems to be connected to the body freezing in response to threat – body immobilization. When people go into shock after an auto accident, for example, the body involuntarily begins trembling in an effort to “discharge the freeze response.” Treatment models for ACEs would be wise, I think, to creatively incorporate “triumphant actions” involving the body into such programs. Neurologist Robert Scaer’s books, The Body Bears the Burden and The Trauma Spectrum offer knowledgeable guidance in this area.

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    • Ellie–came across your post when looking for a reference. We here at University of Oklahoma in Tulsa have been doing some training in ACEs for our IM and FM residents using a simulation model. There is little evidence for specific interventions for these patients but we hope to be doing some research on this soon. Where are you located? Would love to discuss further.

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  25. Hello, I am researching to see if there has ever been interview guidelines created for the ACE survey. Any help would be greatly appreciated! Thank you so much.

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  26. I heard an interview on NPR last week about a new ACE study that came out just focusing on the Upper-middle class/middle class. Is that study posted anywhere on this site? Thanks so much.

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    • The original ACE Study focused on the middle- and upper-middle class (mostly white, college-educated, all with jobs and great health care, because they were all members of Kaiser Permanente). A story about the study is here. About 70 papers have been published so far from the study; you can find them on the CDC ACE Study site (there’s a link in the story). One or two are published every year. Since 2008, 22 states and Washington, D.C., have done their own ACE surveys.
      Do you remember where you heard it on NPR?

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  30. I am looking for studies examining secondary impacts on children of parents with high ACE score. Are you aware of any such research? Also any work examining ACEs among children with special health care needs. Or parents with high ACE and children with special health care needs. Thanks in advance for your assistance. This is a wonderful resource.

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    • It is so lucky to know that you are seeking some resources about studies examining secondary impacts on children of parents with high ACE score.To be honest,I am seeking too.If you have alrealdy found such resources,would you mind share it with me?Thank you very much.I am a student majored in social work in China and plan to apply a PhD program in US.

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